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* (PCOS) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome · Causes · Symptoms · Diagnosis · Treatment · Complications What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? The Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which a woman’s levels of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are out of balance. This leads to the growth of ovarian cysts (benign masses on the ovaries). PCOS can affect a women’s menstrual cycle, fertility , cardiac function, and appearance. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , between 1 in 10 and 1 in 20 women of childbearing age has PCOS . The condition currently affects up to 5 million women in the United States. * CAUSES What causes PCOS? While the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, doctors believe that hormonal imbalances and genetics play a role. Women are more likely to develop PCOS if their mother or sister also has the co